Morphological features of diagnostics of repair and pathological processes of the central nervous system and their significance in clinical practice

INTRODUCTION. When we conduct a microscopic examination of nervous tissue, our judgment can often lead to erroneous conclusions about its condition. The reasons for our erroneous judgments may be autolytic processes that simulate almost all intravital changes in nerve cells. Artificial changes in brain structures can also form during an autopsy. To achieve more accurate research results, simultaneous studies of histological and cytological preparations were carried out.

MATERIALS AND METHODS. Cytological and histological methods were used to study 17 stereotactic biopsies obtained during diagnostic brain surgeries and drug studies. Preparations, both cytological and histological, were stained with hematoxylin–eosin. Immunohistochemical techniques were used on both histological and cytological preparations. Monoclonal antibodies to vimentin, S-100, CD-34, CD-45 were used. Cytological preparations, like histological ones, were covered with a coverslip.

RESULTS. In all studied cases, clinicians diagnosed a tumor process or, in 2 cases, a space-occupying process. Using the cytological method, normal and pathological structures were identified in a negligible amount of material. When studying histological specimens, the diagnosis was confirmed. The accuracy, sensitivity and specificity of cytological examination are quite high and approach 95 % (in our study). However, the histological method has certain advantages, which are manifested in the ability to assess the histoarchitecture of the pathological process.

CONCLUSION. The problem associated with the diagnosis of repair and pathological processes of the central nervous system is key in neurosurgical pathology, since its understanding explains the features of the clinical course of injury, as well as neurosurgical pathology, including vascular pathology, inflammatory and tumor diseases. A deep understanding of the basic morphological processes characteristic of the central nervous system allows the clinician to most effectively solve problems that arise during treatment. For doctors who have dedicated their activities to examining and resolving issues related to disability, this problem is the most serious, since it is currently being solved without taking into account existing knowledge. Understanding the problem will significantly improve the efficiency of medical care and rehabilitation of patients. Without detracting from the effectiveness of genetic research, it should be emphasized that tumor processes in the central nervous system are just a small part of all pathological processes in the brain. We believe that when studying the pathology of the central nervous system, histological and cytological examination is paramount, which gives the most effective results in diagnosing repair and pathological processes of the central nervous system

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